I am not an accountant, but have some experiences of the process of administration.
It's not unusual for a company to have several levels of debt 'seniority'.
There may be unsecured creditors (suppliers) and secured creditors (banks, investors etc.).
If we take the latter category, there are many sub-categories. Should a company fail, the seniority of the debt-holder determines their place in the pecking order over the remaining assets.
One of the most powerful mechanisms for a business to write off debt and re-form is for the board to agree to a 'charge' on assets to another (sometimes related) party.
Administrators are called in, give the bad news to employers and suppliers and then seek to sell the remaining assets to recover what they can to pay Inland Revenue, any secured creditors and (trumping the latter) those who have a charge over the assets that are worth having.
So, if the name of the company and its franchise are the assets that are valuable and have a 'charge', then someone could bid for them and the party with the charge could have its debt repaid or counter the offer with a higher bid for the assets.
Either way, all other debts are written off and the company with the charge can raise the value of their offer until they are happy with the cash they receive or the net cash they pay (the highest bid less what they are owed) to acquire the assets in question.
If the bid price goes higher than the secured debt (unlikely), the excess cash trickles down the debt seniority list.
As you can see, because the other party has a debt that is netted off the final price, it might be seen as an advantage over other bidders.
Obviously, if no one bids for the assets, the other party walks away with the bits it wants - but either way, it's without any of the baggage of the old company.
It happens all the time. It's how companies fold and re-emerge debt-free with the same people, premises, etc, intact.
Tom Donnelly